论文标题

一个冷冻云的故事:量化流行的Web服务器中算法复杂性漏洞的影响

A Tale of Frozen Clouds: Quantifying the Impact of Algorithmic Complexity Vulnerabilities in Popular Web Servers

论文作者

Bhuiyan, Masudul Hasan Masud, Staicu, Cristian-Alexandru

论文摘要

算法复杂性漏洞是一类安全问题,使攻击者能够触发某些算法的最坏情况复杂性。这样的漏洞可以利用用于部署小体积,非对称,基于CPU的拒绝服务(DOS)攻击。以前的工作表明,这些漏洞在某些Web服务器(例如Node.js)中比在传统的网络服务器(如Apache)中更危险。我们认为,了解是否确实如此,或者是否有使用各种部署策略来弥补此类问题的方法至关重要。为此,我们研究了流行的Web服务器对基于CPU的DOS攻击在现实部署条件下的四个主要云平台中的弹性。我们发现,各种Web服务器对攻击的反应确实存在显着差异。但是,我们的结果表明,景观比以前认为的更细微的景观:尽管基于事件的系统倾向于在某些情况下从DOS中恢复更快,但它们总体上也遭受了最差的性能下降。但是,在某些设置中,Apache的性能比基于事件的系统差,并且在某些云平台中,所有考虑的服务器都严重暴露于攻击。我们还发现,开发人员可以通过增加并行运行的服务器实例数来使他们的服务器与基于CPU的DOS攻击相比。反过来,这会导致运营成本增加或在非DOS条件下的性能略有下降。

Algorithmic complexity vulnerabilities are a class of security problems that enables attackers to trigger the worst-case complexity of certain algorithms. Such vulnerabilities can be leveraged to deploy low-volume, asymmetric, CPU-based denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Previous work speculates that these vulnerabilities are more dangerous in certain web servers, like Node.js, than in traditional ones, like Apache. We believe it is of utmost importance to understand if this is indeed the case or if there are ways to compensate against such problems using various deployment strategies. To this end, we study the resilience of popular web servers against CPU-based DoS attacks in four major cloud platforms under realistic deployment conditions. We find that there are indeed significant differences in how various web servers react to an attack. However, our results suggest a more nuanced landscape than previously believed: while event-based systems tend to recover faster from DoS in certain scenarios, they also suffer the worst performance degradation overall. Nevertheless, in some setups, Apache performs worse than event-based systems, and there are cloud platforms in which all the considered servers are seriously exposed to the attack. We also find that developers can harden their servers against CPU-based DoS attacks by increasing the number of server instances running in parallel. This, in turn, can lead to an increased cost of operation or a slight degradation of performance in non-DoS conditions.

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