论文标题

Kepler-102:超级和亚新旋转的质量和组成

Kepler-102: Masses and Compositions for a Super-Earth and Sub-Neptune Orbiting an Active Star

论文作者

Brinkman, Casey, Cadman, James, Weiss, Lauren, Gaidos, Eric, Rice, Ken, Huber, Daniel, Claytor, Zachary R., Bonomo, Aldo S., Buchhave, Lars A., Cameron, Andrew Collier, Cosentino, Rosario, Dumusque, Xavier, Fiorenzano, Aldo F Martinez, Ghedina, Adriano, Harutyunyan, Avet, Howard, Andrew, Isaacson, Howard, Latham, David W., Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malavolta, Luca, Micela, Giuseppina, Molinari, Emilio, Pepe, Francesco, Philips, David F, Poretti, Ennio, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Udry, Stephane

论文摘要

径向速度(RV)测量过渡多平台系统使我们能够理解行星的密度和组成,而不是太阳系中的行星。 Kepler-102由5个紧密堆积的过境行星组成,是一个特别有趣的系统,因为它包括超级地球(Kepler-102d)和一个亚北极线大小的行星(Kepler-102E),可以使用径向速度来测量质量。先前的工作发现Kepler-102d的高密度表明与汞相似,而Kepler-102e的密度则具有典型的亚纽尺尺寸行星的密度。但是,Kepler-102是一个活跃的恒星,可以干扰RV质量测量值。为了更好地衡量这两个行星的质量,我们使用Keck/Hires和TNG/Harps-N获得了111个新的RV,并使用Quasi-Periodic高斯过程回归进行了建模的Kepler-102活动。对于Kepler-102d,我们报告了M $ _ {D} <$ 5.3 m $ _ {\ oplus} $ [95 \%profors]的质量上限为m $ _ {d} $ _ {d} $ = 2.5 $ = 2.5 $ \ pm $ 1.4 m $ _ $ _ $ _ { g/cm $^{3} $与岩石成分一致,其密度与地球相似。对于Kepler-102E,我们报告了M $ _ {E} $ = 4.7 $ \ pm $ \ pm $ 1.7 m $ _ {\ oplus} $,密度为$ρ_{这些测量结果表明,开普勒102E具有岩石芯,其厚的气态包膜占行星质量的2-4%和其半径的16-50%。我们的研究是另一个证明,即具有清晰旋转信号的恒星中出色的活性可以产生更准确的行星质量,从而使行星内部更现实地解释。

Radial velocity (RV) measurements of transiting multiplanet systems allow us to understand the densities and compositions of planets unlike those in the Solar System. Kepler-102, which consists of 5 tightly packed transiting planets, is a particularly interesting system since it includes a super-Earth (Kepler-102d) and a sub-Neptune-sized planet (Kepler-102e) for which masses can be measured using radial velocities. Previous work found a high density for Kepler-102d, suggesting a composition similar to that of Mercury, while Kepler-102e was found to have a density typical of sub-Neptune size planets; however, Kepler-102 is an active star, which can interfere with RV mass measurements. To better measure the mass of these two planets, we obtained 111 new RVs using Keck/HIRES and TNG/HARPS-N and modeled Kepler-102's activity using quasi-periodic Gaussian Process Regression. For Kepler-102d, we report a mass upper limit of M$_{d} < $5.3 M$_{\oplus}$ [95\% confidence], a best-fit mass of M$_{d}$=2.5 $\pm$ 1.4 M$_{\oplus}$, and a density of $ρ_{d}$=5.6 $\pm$ 3.2 g/cm$^{3}$ which is consistent with a rocky composition similar in density to the Earth. For Kepler-102e we report a mass of M$_{e}$=4.7 $\pm$ 1.7 M$_{\oplus}$ and a density of $ρ_{e}$=1.8 $\pm$ 0.7 g/cm$^{3}$. These measurements suggest that Kepler-102e has a rocky core with a thick gaseous envelope comprising 2-4% of the planet mass and 16-50% of its radius. Our study is yet another demonstration that accounting for stellar activity in stars with clear rotation signals can yield more accurate planet masses, enabling a more realistic interpretation of planet interiors.

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