学术文献库

Understanding the nature of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter is important but challenging due to the presence of non-perturbative dynamics under extreme conditions. We construct a holographic model describing the gluon sector of QCD at finite temperatures in the non-perturbative regime. The equation of state as a function of temperature is in good accordance with the lattice QCD data. Moreover, the Polyakov loop and the gluon condensation, which are proper order parameters to capture the deconfinement phase transition, also agree quantitatively well with the lattice QCD data. We obtain a strong first-order confinement/deconfinement phase transition at $T_c=276.5\,\text{MeV}$ that is consistent with the lattice QCD prediction. Based on our model for a pure gluon hidden sector, we compute the stochastic gravitational waves and primordial black hole (PBH) productions from this confinement/deconfinement phase transition in the early Universe. The resulting stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds are found to be within detectability in the International Pulsar Timing Array and Square Kilometre Array in the near future when the associated productions of PBHs saturate the current observational bounds on the PBH abundances from the LIGO-Virgo-Collaboration O3 data.