论文标题

ZKBRIDGE:无信任的跨链桥使实用

zkBridge: Trustless Cross-chain Bridges Made Practical

论文作者

Xie, Tiancheng, Zhang, Jiaheng, Cheng, Zerui, Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Yupeng, Jia, Yongzheng, Boneh, Dan, Song, Dawn

论文摘要

区块链的吸引力越来越大,加密货币达到了超过1万亿美元的市值,主要机构投资者收取利益以及对政府,企业和个人的全球影响。同样显着增长的是各种区块链共存的生态系统的异质性。跨链桥是这个多链生态系统中必不可少的基础。但是,现有的解决方案要么遭受绩效问题的困扰,要么依赖大大降低安全性的委员会的信任假设。对桥梁的反复攻击使用户损失了超过15亿美元。在本文中,我们介绍了Zkbridge,这是一个有效的跨链桥,可确保没有外部信任假设的强大安全性。通过简洁的证明,Zkbridge不仅可以保证正确性,而且可以显着降低链验证成本。我们提出的新型简洁协议比Zkbridge的现有解决方案更快,这些简洁的规程是高度的。通过模块化设计,Zkbridge可以实现广泛的用例和功能,包括消息传递,代币传输以及其他对不同链的状态变化运行的计算逻辑。为了证明Zkbridge的实用性,我们实施了从宇宙到以太坊的原型桥梁,这是一个特别具有挑战性的方向,涉及现有系统无法有效处理的大型证明电路。我们的评估表明,Zkbridge取得了实践绩效:证明生产的时间不到20秒,同时验证链上的证明成本少于230k的气体。为了完整性,我们还实施并评估了从以太坊到其他与EVM兼容的链(例如BSC)的方向,该链(例如BSC)涉及较小的电路,并降低了开销的少得多。

Blockchains have seen growing traction with cryptocurrencies reaching a market cap of over 1 trillion dollars, major institution investors taking interests, and global impacts on governments, businesses, and individuals. Also growing significantly is the heterogeneity of the ecosystem where a variety of blockchains co-exist. Cross-chain bridge is a necessary building block in this multi-chain ecosystem. Existing solutions, however, either suffer from performance issues or rely on trust assumptions of committees that significantly lower the security. Recurring attacks against bridges have cost users more than 1.5 billion USD. In this paper, we introduce zkBridge, an efficient cross-chain bridge that guarantees strong security without external trust assumptions. With succinct proofs, zkBridge not only guarantees correctness, but also significantly reduces on-chain verification cost. We propose novel succinct proof protocols that are orders-of-magnitude faster than existing solutions for workload in zkBridge. With a modular design, zkBridge enables a broad spectrum of use cases and capabilities, including message passing, token transferring, and other computational logic operating on state changes from different chains. To demonstrate the practicality of zkBridge, we implemented a prototype bridge from Cosmos to Ethereum, a particularly challenging direction that involves large proof circuits that existing systems cannot efficiently handle. Our evaluation shows that zkBridge achieves practical performance: proof generation takes less than 20 seconds, while verifying proofs on-chain costs less than 230K gas. For completeness, we also implemented and evaluated the direction from Ethereum to other EVM-compatible chains (such as BSC) which involves smaller circuits and incurs much less overhead.

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