论文标题
在115年内分析美国的城市规模法律
Analyzing urban scaling laws in the United States over 115 years
论文作者
论文摘要
城市属性与人口之间的缩放关系是城市增长的新兴和无处不在的方面。但是，由于定义城市边界的挑战以及缺乏历史数据来研究城市动态，因此量化这些关系并理解其理论基础是很困难的。为了解决这个问题，我们使用dasymoretiontrice的历史人口估计，历史城市道路网络模型和多个暂时性的定居数据来分析史无前例的115年美国大都会区的城市基础设施与人口之间的规模，以根据结算密度来定义动态城市界限。我们证明了最明确的证据，即如果城市被定义为密集的定居点，则城市规模指数可以与一个世纪以来的理论模型紧密相匹配。尽管与理论达成了密切的定量一致，但经验比例关系在各个地区意外差异。与此同时，我们对缩放系数的分析表明，2015年的一个城市比1900年人口相似的城市使用的土地和公路更具发达的道路，这对城市发展和对当地环境的影响具有严重影响。总体而言，我们的结果提供了一种基于新颖的地理学数据来研究城市系统的新方法。
The scaling relations between city attributes and population are emergent and ubiquitous aspects of urban growth. Quantifying these relations and understanding their theoretical foundation, however, is difficult due to the challenge of defining city boundaries and a lack of historical data to study city dynamics over time and space. To address this issue, we analyze scaling between city infrastructure and population across 857 United States metropolitan areas over an unprecedented 115 years using dasymetrically refined historical population estimates, historical urban road network models, and multi-temporal settlement data to define dynamic city boundaries based on settlement density. We demonstrate the clearest evidence that urban scaling exponents can closely match theoretical models over a century if cities are defined as dense settlement patches. Despite the close quantitative agreement with theory, the empirical scaling relations unexpectedly vary across regions. Our analysis of scaling coefficients, meanwhile, reveals that a city in 2015 uses more developed land and kilometers of road than a city with a similar population in 1900, which has serious implications for urban development and impacts on the local environment. Overall, our results offer a new way to study urban systems based on novel, geohistorical data.
