论文标题
天体物理学X射线极化法的一般历史
General History of X-Ray Polarimetry in Astrophysics
论文作者
论文摘要
在发现第一个外X射线源后不久，人们建议极化法可以作为诊断工具发挥重要作用。罗伯特·诺维克（Robert Novick）的负责人哥伦比亚大学（Columbia University）领导者进行了X射线资源的两极分化的尝试。布拉格在45°下的衍射技术成功地检测了用火箭和OSO-8卫星的蟹极化。在以下X射线天文学的演变中，基于光学的使用，极化法与成像和光谱的灵敏度的提高过于匹配。结果，没有再飞行了偏振仪。在本世纪初，开发了基于光电效应的新仪器。在X射线望远镜的焦点中，它们可以执行角度，能量和时间解析极化法，并使由于光学元件引起的灵敏度大大提高。成像X射线极化探索器利用了此技术，于2021年底发射。
Soon after the discovery of the first extrasolar X-Ray sources it was suggested that polarimetry could play a major role as a diagnostic tool. Attempts to measure polarization of X-Ray sources was performed by the team of Columbia University lead by Robert Novick. The technique of Bragg diffraction at 45° was successful to detect the polarization of the Crab with rockets and with OSO-8 satellite. In the following evolution of X-Ray Astronomy, Polarimetry was too mismatched with the improved sensitivity of imaging and spectroscopy, based on the use of optics. As a consequence no polarimeter was flown any more. At the beginning of the century a new class of instruments based on the photoelectric effect were developed. In the focus of an X-Ray telescope they can perform angular, energy and time resolved polarimetry and benefit of the large increase of sensitivity due to the optics. The Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer, exploiting this technique, was launched at the end of 2021.
