论文标题

命令:可认证的开放式衡量授权

COMMAND: Certifiable Open Measurable Mandates

论文作者

Hastings, Adam, Piersma, Ryan, Sethumadhavan, Simha

论文摘要

当今的安全性规定通常是清单的形式,通常不灵活,并且缓慢地适应不断变化的威胁。本文介绍了一种称为“开放命令”的替代方法,该方法要求供应商必须将一些资源(例如系统速度,能源,设计成本等)专用于安全性,但与清单清单安全不同,并未规定必须实现的特定控件。公开任务的目的是为供应商提供灵活性,以实现他们认为合适的安全控制,同时要求所有供应商都承诺一定级别的安全性。在本文中,我们首先证明了开放安全性规定的有用性:例如,我们表明,将10%的资源用于安全性会使防御者的损失减少8%,而将攻击者降低了10%。然后,我们展示如何在实践中实施开放命令。具体来说,我们解决了由于安全性而识别系统开销的问题,这是使实践中可以执行这样的开放命令的关键问题。作为示例,我们证明了两种现代软件硬化技术的开放式授权系统 - 命令 - 命令,并表明我们的方法论可以预测安全性开销的准确性非常高(<1%的平均值和中位数错误),并且资源要求较低。我们还提出了实验,以美元量化的最终用户重视损失对安全性的绩效的数量,这有助于确定此类程序的成本。综上所述 - 授权的实用性,其可执行性及其可量化的成本 - 为替代基于资源的授权提供了理由。

Security mandates today are often in the form of checklists and are generally inflexible and slow to adapt to changing threats. This paper introduces an alternate approach called open mandates, which mandate that vendors must dedicate some amount of resources (e.g. system speed, energy, design cost, etc.) towards security but unlike checklist security does not prescribe specific controls that must be implemented. The goal of open mandates is to provide flexibility to vendors in implementing security controls that they see fit while requiring all vendors to commit to a certain level of security. In this paper, we first demonstrate the usefulness of open security mandates: for instance, we show that mandating 10% of resources towards security reduces defenders losses by 8% and forestalls attackers by 10%. We then show how open mandates can be implemented in practice. Specifically, we solve the problem of identifying a system's overhead due to security, a key problem towards making such an open mandate enforceable in practice. As examples we demonstrate our open mandate system -- COMMAND -- for two contemporary software hardening techniques and show that our methodology can predict security overheads to a very high degree of accuracy (<1% mean and median error) with low resource requirements. We also present experiments that quantify, in terms of dollars, how much end users value the performance lost to security, which help determine the costs of such a program. Taken together -- the usefulness of mandates, their enforceability, and their quantifiable costs -- make the case for an alternate resource-based mandate.

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