论文标题
超高能宇宙射线的物理和天体物理学：皮埃尔螺旋台天文台的最新结果
Physics and astrophysics of ultra-high energy cosmic rays: recent results from the Pierre Auger Observatory
论文作者
论文摘要
超高能量宇宙射线（UHECR）是宇宙中最高的能量使者，能量高达$ 10^{20} $ ev。天体物理颗粒（核，电子，中微子和光子）对最高观察到的能量的研究对基本物理和天体物理学具有影响。主要颗粒在大气中（或地球）相互作用，并产生广泛的空气阵雨。对这些淋浴的分析不仅能够估算主要的宇宙颗粒的能量，方向和最可能的质量，而且还可以获取有关其在能量上其强度相互作用的特性的信息，而不是一个超过一个数量级，而不是当前的最高能量人类制造的加速器。位于阿根廷门多萨省的皮埃尔·奥格尔天文台是有史以来最大的宇宙射线实验。该天文台设计为覆盖3000 km $^2 $的混合探测器，并且已经获取了近20年的数据。在本文中，提出了最新结果的选择：宇宙射线能谱，对腺体物理学的研究，寻找方向性各向异性和质量组成研究（包括光子和中微子搜索）。最后，描述了天文台的当前升级（“ AugerPrime”），该天文台主要旨在提高对粒子类型的敏感性和超高能量宇宙射线的质量。
Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are the highest energy messengers in the universe, with energies up to $10^{20}$ eV. Studies of astrophysical particles (nuclei, electrons, neutrinos and photons) at their highest observed energies have implications for fundamental physics as well as astrophysics. The primary particles interact in the atmosphere (or in the Earth) and generate extensive air showers. Analysis of those showers enables one not only to estimate the energy, direction and most probable mass of the primary cosmic particles, but also to obtain information about the properties of their hadronic interactions at energies more than one order of magnitude above that accessible with the current highest energy human-made accelerator. The Pierre Auger Observatory, located in the province of Mendoza, Argentina, is the largest cosmic ray experiment ever built. The observatory was designed as a hybrid detector covering an area of 3000 km$^2$ and has been taking data for almost twenty years. In this paper, a selection of the latest results is presented: the cosmic ray energy spectrum, studies of hadronic physics, searches for a directional anisotropy and studies of mass composition (including the photon and neutrino searches). Finally, the current upgrade ("AugerPrime") of the observatory, which is mostly aimed at improving the sensitivity to the particle type and mass of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, is described.
