观察到向下陆地伽马射线的起源闪光灯

论文标题

观察到向下陆地伽马射线的起源闪光灯

Observations of the Origin of Downward Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes

论文作者

Belz, J. W., Krehbiel, P. R., Remington, J., Stanley, M. A., Abbasi, R. U., LeVon, R., Rison, W., Rodeheffer, D., Collaboration, the Telescope Array Scientific, :, Abu-Zayyad, T., Allen, M., Barcikowski, E., Bergman, D. R., Blake, S. A., Byrne, M., Cady, R., Cheon, B. G., Chikawa, M., di Matteo, A., Fujii, T., Fujita, K., Fujiwara, R., Fukushima, M., Furlich, G., Hanlon, W., Hayashi, M., Hayashi, Y., Hayashida, N., Hibino, K., Honda, K., Ikeda, D., Inadomi, T., Inoue, N., Ishii, T., Ito, H., Ivanov, D., Iwakura, H., Jeong, H. M., Jeong, S., Jui, C. C. H., Kadota, K., Kakimoto, F., Kalashev, O., Kasahara, K., Kasami, S., Kawai, H., Kawakami, S., Kawata, K., Kido, E., Kim, H. B., Kim, J. H., Kim, J. H., Kuzmin, V., Kuznetsov, M., Kwon, Y. J., Lee, K. H., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Lundquist, J. P., Machida, K., Matsumiya, H., Matthews, J. N., Matuyama, T., Mayta, R., Minamino, M., Mukai, K., Myers, I., Nagataki, S., Nakai, K., Nakamura, R., Nakamura, T., Nakamura, Y., Nonaka, T., Oda, H., Ogio, S., Ohnishi, M., Ohoka, H., Oku, Y., Okuda, T., Omura, Y., Ono, M., Oshima, A., Ozawa, S., Park, I. H., Potts, M., Pshirkov, M. S., Rodriguez, D. C., Rubtsov, G., Ryu, D., Sagawa, H., Sahara, R., Saito, K., Saito, Y., Sakaki, N., Sako, T., Sakurai, N., Sano, K., Seki, T., Sekino, K., Shibata, F., Shibata, T., Shimodaira, H., Shin, B. K., Shin, H. S., Smith, J. D., Sokolsky, P., Sone, N., Stokes, B. T., Stroman, T. A., Takagi, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takeda, M., Takeishi, R., Taketa, A., Takita, M., Tameda, Y., Tanaka, K., Tanaka, M., Tanoue, Y., Thomas, S. B., Thomson, G. B., Tinyakov, P., Tkachev, I., Tokuno, H., Tomida, T., Troitsky, S., Tsunesada, Y., Uchihori, Y., Udo, S., Uehama, T., Urban, F., Wallace, M., Wong, T., Yamamoto, M., Yamaoka, H., Yamazaki, K., Yashiro, K., Yosei, M., Yoshii, H., Zhezher, Y., Zundel, Z.

论文摘要

在本文中，我们报告了与宽带VHF Interfeformer和父级的快速电场变化测量值一起获得的大面积望远镜阵列宇宙射线观测值对向下定向的陆生伽玛射线闪光（TGF）的第一个近距离高分辨率观察。结果表明，TGF发生在强烈的初始分解脉冲（IBP）期间，在前几毫秒内负云到地面和低空膨胀内云中闪光灯，IBPS由新识别的基于元流的流媒体流程产生，称为快速负面崩溃。观察结果表明，负责产生TGF的相对论失控电子雪崩（RREA）是通过快速流媒体系统内的嵌入式火花样瞬态导电事件（TCE）启动的，也有可能由单个快速流媒体本身。 TCE被推断为脉冲亚脉冲的原因，这是经典IBP Sferics的特征。在快速负面崩溃的前进前，增强的电场将促进雪崩的进一步发展。除了显示IBP的性质及其神秘的子脉冲外，这些观察还为未解决的问题提供了一个可能的解释，即在最初的负面崩溃期间，流媒体向领导者过渡如何发生，即是由于在连续IBP的最后阶段流动的强烈电流导致IBP的最终阶段，并通过IBP本身向后延伸，并延伸了IBP本身和负面流媒体的差异。

In this paper we report the first close, high-resolution observations of downward-directed terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) detected by the large-area Telescope Array cosmic ray observatory, obtained in conjunction with broadband VHF interferometer and fast electric field change measurements of the parent discharge. The results show that the TGFs occur during strong initial breakdown pulses (IBPs) in the first few milliseconds of negative cloud-to-ground and low-altitude intracloud flashes, and that the IBPs are produced by a newly-identified streamer-based discharge process called fast negative breakdown. The observations indicate the relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs) responsible for producing the TGFs are initiated by embedded spark-like transient conducting events (TCEs) within the fast streamer system, and potentially also by individual fast streamers themselves. The TCEs are inferred to be the cause of impulsive sub-pulses that are characteristic features of classic IBP sferics. Additional development of the avalanches would be facilitated by the enhanced electric field ahead of the advancing front of the fast negative breakdown. In addition to showing the nature of IBPs and their enigmatic sub-pulses, the observations also provide a possible explanation for the unsolved question of how the streamer to leader transition occurs during the initial negative breakdown, namely as a result of strong currents flowing in the final stage of successive IBPs, extending backward through both the IBP itself and the negative streamer breakdown preceding the IBP.

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