论文标题

非确定性程序的代数:恶魔运算符,订单和公理

The algebra of non-deterministic programs: demonic operators, orders and axioms

论文作者

Hirsch, Robin, Mikulás, Szabolcs, Stokes, Tim

论文摘要

恶魔构图,恶魔精致和恶魔联盟是通常的“天使”构图,天使般的改进(包含)和天使般的(常规)联盟的替代方案。我们首先通过分析非确定性计划的行为来激励天使般和恶魔,而天使般的部分与部分正确性相关联,并且与完全正确性相关联,这两个案例都来自富含两个方面的非确定性计划的代数模型。 Zareckii表明,在天使般的组成和包容下,二元关系代数的同构类别被有限地公理为有序的半群。该证明可以用来确定相同的公理化适用于恶魔组成和改进下的二进制关系,并且可以使用证明的进一步修改来合并代表天使案中空白的零元素,并在恶魔案例中进行完整关系。对于天使般的组成和联合的签名,众所周知,没有有限的公理化,我们通过证明两者都有相同的公理化来显示恶魔组成和恶魔联合的类似结果。我们表明,二元关系代数的同构类别与恶魔组成和天使含有的“混合”标志没有有限的公理化。相反,我们表明,二进制关系的部分代数与星座产品和包容的部分操作(也是“混合”签名)的同构类别是有限的。

Demonic composition, demonic refinement and demonic union are alternatives to the usual "angelic" composition, angelic refinement (inclusion) and angelic (usual) union defined on binary relations. We first motivate both the angelic and demonic via an analysis of the behaviour of non-deterministic programs, with the angelic associated with partial correctness and demonic with total correctness, both cases emerging from a richer algebraic model of non-deterministic programs incorporating both aspects. Zareckii has shown that the isomorphism class of algebras of binary relations under angelic composition and inclusion is finitely axiomatised as the class of ordered semigroups. The proof can be used to establish that the same axiomatisation applies to binary relations under demonic composition and refinement, and a further modification of the proof can be used to incorporate a zero element representing the empty relation in the angelic case and the full relation in the demonic case. For the signature of angelic composition and union, it is known that no finite axiomatisation exists, and we show the analogous result for demonic composition and demonic union by showing that the same axiomatisation holds for both. We show that the isomorphism class of algebras of binary relations with the "mixed" signature of demonic composition and angelic inclusion has no finite axiomatisation. As a contrast, we show that the isomorphism class of partial algebras of binary relations with the partial operation of constellation product and inclusion (also a "mixed" signature) is finitely axiomatisable.

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