论文标题
阿尔玛(Alma)对IO的观察结果
ALMA Observations of Io Going into and Coming out of Eclipse
论文作者
论文摘要
我们提出了由Alma [Atacama大(Sub)毫米阵列]构建的1毫米观察结果,该数据是So $ _2 $的数据,So so so so so so so and Kcl当IO从阳光进入Eclipse(2018年3月20日),反之亦然(2018年9月2日和11日)。有明确的证据表明3月20日和9月2日火山羽流。羽毛扭曲了线轮廓,导致高速度($ \ gtrsim $ 500 m/s)的机翼,并在线配置文件中引起红色/蓝色偏移的肩膀。在Eclipse Intress期间,So $ _2 $通量密度呈指数下降,在阳光下重新出现时,气氛以线性方式改革,并在$ \ sim 10分钟后带有“折叠后亮度”。虽然放映内的减少和阳光内的增加,因此比So $ _2 $更逐渐地增加,但完全下降的事实证明了表面上的自我反应是重要且迅速的,并且SO $ _2 $的阳光内光解是SO的主要来源。磁盘融合因此如此$ _2 $阳光内通量密度为$ \ sim $ 2--3倍,比生气中高2--3倍,这表明火山源对大气的贡献约为30--50 \%。典型的色谱柱密度和温度为$ n \ of(1.5 \ pm 0.3)\ times 10^{16} $ cm $ $^{ - 2} $和$ t \约220-320 $ k均在暑光和年度内,而对气体的分数则是2-3倍的覆盖率,而不是内部的2--3倍。日食中存在的$ _2 $排放的低水平可能是通过隐形火山性来源的,也可以证明一层不可凝聚的气体,以防止SO $ _2 $氛围完全崩溃。不同火山的岩浆室中的融化必须在构图上有所不同,以解释缺少SO的缺乏,而So $ _2 $,但同时在Ulgen Patera上同时存在KCL。
We present 1-mm observations constructed from ALMA [Atacama Large (sub)Millimeter Array] data of SO$_2$, SO and KCl when Io went from sunlight into eclipse (20 March 2018), and vice versa (2 and 11 September 2018). There is clear evidence of volcanic plumes on 20 March and 2 September. The plumes distort the line profiles, causing high-velocity ($\gtrsim$500 m/s) wings, and red/blue-shifted shoulders in the line profiles. During eclipse ingress, the SO$_2$ flux density dropped exponentially, and the atmosphere reformed in a linear fashion when re-emerging in sunlight, with a "post-eclipse brightening" after $\sim$10 minutes. While both the in-eclipse decrease and in-sunlight increase in SO was more gradual than for SO$_2$, the fact that SO decreased at all is evidence that self-reactions at the surface are important and fast, and that in-sunlight photolysis of SO$_2$ is the dominant source of SO. Disk-integrated SO$_2$ in-sunlight flux densities are $\sim$2--3 times higher than in-eclipse, indicative of a roughly 30--50\% contribution from volcanic sources to the atmosphere. Typical column densities and temperatures are $N \approx (1.5 \pm 0.3) \times 10^{16}$ cm$^{-2}$ and $T \approx 220-320$ K both in-sunlight and in-eclipse, while the fractional coverage of the gas is 2--3 times lower in-eclipse than in-sunlight. The low level SO$_2$ emissions present during eclipse may be sourced by stealth volcanism or be evidence of a layer of non-condensible gases preventing complete collapse of the SO$_2$ atmosphere. The melt in magma chambers at different volcanoes must differ in composition to explain the absence of SO and SO$_2$, but simultaneous presence of KCl over Ulgen Patera.