论文标题
关于源摄像机标识任务的PNU的可靠性
On the Reliability of the PNU for Source Camera Identification Tasks
论文作者
论文摘要
PNU是执行SCI的必要和可靠的工具,在这些年中,在法医领域中成为了这项任务的标准事实。在本文中,我们表明,尽管存在旨在取消,修改,更换数码相机图像中的PNU痕迹的策略,但通过我们的实验方法,仍然有可能找到用于拍摄照片的传感器产生的噪声的残留痕迹。此外,我们证明可以在目标图像中注入不同摄像头的PNU并将其追溯到源摄像机,但仅在新摄像头是与原始型号相同的模型的情况下,用于拍摄目标图像。这两个相机都必须属于我们的可用性。 为了完整性,我们进行了2个实验,而不是使用流行的公共参考数据集Casia Tide,而是宁愿引入一个没有任何类型的统计文物的数据集。 在智能手机的小数据集上进行的初步实验表明,从其他设备中注入PNU会导致无法正确识别源摄像头。 在第二个实验中,我们构建了使用相同模型DSLR拍摄的大图像数据集。我们提取了每个图像的Denoized版本,向每个图像注入了数据集中所有相机的RN,并将所有相机与每个相机的RP进行了比较。显然,实验的结果表明,在deno的图像和注入的图像中都可以找到原始相机PNU的残留痕迹。 实验的综合结果表明,即使从理论上讲,也可以从图像中删除或替换\ ac {pnu},在这种类型的攻击下,该过程很容易,很容易被检测到,在某些困难条件下,在某些困难条件下也可能证实\ ac {pnu}的稳健性。
The PNU is an essential and reliable tool to perform SCI and, during the years, became a standard de-facto for this task in the forensic field. In this paper, we show that, although strategies exist that aim to cancel, modify, replace the PNU traces in a digital camera image, it is still possible, through our experimental method, to find residual traces of the noise produced by the sensor used to shoot the photo. Furthermore, we show that is possible to inject the PNU of a different camera in a target image and trace it back to the source camera, but only under the condition that the new camera is of the same model of the original one used to take the target image. Both cameras must fall within our availability. For completeness, we carried out 2 experiments and, rather than using the popular public reference dataset, CASIA TIDE, we preferred to introduce a dataset that does not present any kind of statistical artifacts. A preliminary experiment on a small dataset of smartphones showed that the injection of PNU from a different device makes it impossible to identify the source camera correctly. For a second experiment, we built a large dataset of images taken with the same model DSLR. We extracted a denoised version of each image, injected each one with the RN of all the cameras in the dataset and compared all with a RP from each camera. The results of the experiments, clearly, show that either in the denoised images and the injected ones is possible to find residual traces of the original camera PNU. The combined results of the experiments show that, even in theory is possible to remove or replace the \ac{PNU} from an image, this process can be, easily, detected and is possible, under some hard conditions, confirming the robustness of the \ac{PNU} under this type of attacks.