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A modern insight due to Quillen, which is further developed by Lurie, asserts that many cohomology theories of interest are particular cases of a single construction, which allows one to define cohomology groups in an abstract setting using only intrinsic properties of the category (or $\infty$-category) at hand. This universal cohomology theory is known as Quillen cohomology. In any setting, Quillen cohomology of a given object is classified by its cotangent complex. The main purpose of this paper is to study Quillen cohomology of operads enriched over a general base category. Our main result provides an explicit formula for computing Quillen cohomology of enriched operads, based on a procedure of taking certain infinitesimal models of their cotangent complexes. Furthermore, we propose a natural construction of the twisted arrow $\infty$-categories of simplicial operads. We then assert that the cotangent complex of a simplicial operad can be represented as a spectrum valued functor on its twisted arrow $\infty$-category. When working in stable base categories such as chain complexes and spectra, Francis and Lurie proved the existence of a fiber sequence relating the cotangent complex and Hochschild complex of an $E_n$-algebra, from which a conjecture of Kontsevich is verified. We establish an analogous fiber sequence for the operad $E_n$ itself, in the topological setting.