论文标题
固态物理学和生物学的出现
Emergence in Solid State Physics and Biology
论文作者
论文摘要
物理学和生物学中的疲软和强烈出现引起了很多争议。正如菲尔·安德森（Phil Anderson）在许多论文中所指出的那样，破碎的对称性的存在是大部分固态物理学中属性出现的关键。通过仔细区分对称性破坏的类型，并追踪微观和宏观尺度上断裂的对称性之间的关系，我证明了半导体的性质的出现是强烈出现的情况。这是由于存在等准颗粒（例如声子）所致。此外，与数字计算机一样，时间依赖的电位可以使下降因果关系。此外，我还表明，生活系统进化出现的过程也是一种强烈出现的情况，生活中生命的特性的出现也是如此。出现了一个有用的结果：标准物理理论和由它们产生的新兴理论都是同等有效的有效理论
There has been much controversy over weak and strong emergence in physics and biology. As pointed out by Phil Anderson in many papers, the existence of broken symmetries is the key to emergence of properties in much of solid state physics. By carefully distinguishing between dfferent types of symmetry breaking and tracing the relation between broken symmetries at micro and macro scales, I demonstrate that the emergence of the properties of semiconductors is a case of strong emergence. This is due to the existence of quasiparticles such as phonons. Furthermore time dependent potentials enable downward causation as in the case of digital computers. Additionally I show that the processes of evolutionary emergence of living systems is also a case of strong emergence, as is the emergence of properties of life out of the underlying physics. A useful result emerges: standard physics theories and the emergent theories arising out of them are all effective theories that are equally valid
